Foot sole ↔ Spine ↔ Scalp

Superficial Back Line

Strong evidence — 14–15 dissection studies

Plantar fascia → Achilles tendon → gastrocnemius → hamstrings → sacrotuberous ligament → thoracolumbar fascia → erector spinae → trapezius → galea aponeurotica

Structures

  1. 1
    Plantar fasciafoot sole
    →
  2. 2
    Achilles tendoncalcaneal
    →
  3. 3
    Popliteal areolar fasciabehind the knee
    →
  4. 4
    Sacrotuberous ligamentpelvis
    →
  5. 5
    Thoracolumbar fascialumbosacral
    →
  6. 6
    Galea aponeuroticascalp
    →

Muscle references

GastrocnemiusHamstringsErector spinaeTrapeziusOccipitalisFrontalis
ⓘ

Shown as documented structural and myofascial continuity, not a single uninterrupted force-transmission cable. Knee flexion reduces functional coupling between gastrocnemius and hamstrings; this is a position-dependent continuity.

Sources

Myofascial force transmission between the calf and the dorsal thigh is dependent on knee angle

Pont AC et al. · Scientific Reports, 2023 · n=56, in vivo ultrasound

Myofascial continuity: Review of anatomical and functional evidence

J. Bodywork & Movement Therapies, 2025 · systematic review, 62 cadaveric studies

What Is Evidence-Based About Myofascial Chains: A Systematic Review

Wilke J et al. · Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 2016